Type of Document	Dissertation
Author	Ciaravolo, Emily B.
URN	etd-04052011-152557
Title	Once a Criminal, Always a Criminal: How Do Individual Responses to Formal Labeling Affect Future Behavior? A Comprehensive Evaluation of Labeling Theory.
Degree	Doctor of Philosophy
Department	Criminology and Criminal Justice, School of
Advisory Committee	Advisor Name Title Carter Hay Committee Chair Brian Stults Committee Member Sonja Siennick Committee Member Kay Pasley University Representative
Keywords	Labeling theory adolescent delinquent behavior
Date of Defense	2011-03-15
Availability	unrestricted
Abstract Although labeling theory has been subjected to many empirical examinations, more often than not, studies present conflicting evidence or suffer from a variety of methodological limitations. In turn, the current analyses aim to contribute knowledge and clarity by evaluating the theory in a manner that addresses some of the limitations found in prior studies. Three key research questions will guide the current analyses. First, does the formal labeling process increase subsequent criminal behavior? Second, are there extra-legal factors that mediate or explain this effect? Finally, is the effect of formal labeling on future behavior moderated, or conditioned, by extra-legal factors? Taken together, an assessment of these research questions should allow for a more nuanced understanding of the harmful consequences associated with the formal labeling process.
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