Abstract
Purpose: The purposes of this study were (1) to determine the correlations of adiponectin, leptin, the adiponectin:leptin (A/L) ratio, insulin, BMI, glucose, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), and waist circumference in women with PCOS, and (2) to examine the effects of an 8 week supplement of 75 g of dried apples daily and twice a week moderate intensity resistance exercise on these parameters. Methods: Baseline data for 26 women diagnosed with PCOS were analyzed. Of these 26 subjects, 13 completed the intervention study. In a 2X2 factorial design using apples and exercise, 70 g Kellogg’s Frosted Mini Wheats was used as the control for the dried apples since it contained similar amounts of fiber and energy. Exercise consisted of twice a week full body routines, using 3 sets of 12 repetitions maximum (12RM). SPSS for Windows, Version 15.0 software was utilized to calculate and determine descriptive statistics, t-tests, Pearson correlations, and one way ANOVA. Results: In subjects with a BMI > 25 (n=13), insulin, HOMA-IR, and leptin were significantly higher (p<0.05), while adiponectin and the A/L ratio were significantly (p<0.05) lower than in the subjects with a BMI < 25 (n=13). In the correlational analyses of the data for all subjects at baseline (n=26), results were as expected in accordance with the literature. Adiponectin and leptin were significantly negatively correlated, but this correlation did not persist after controlling for BMI. There was a trend (p=0.058) towards a negative relationship between the A/L ratio and HOMA-IR (n=26). When separated by BMI, this relationship was not significant in the lean group (BMI <25, n=13), but in the obese group (BMI>30, n=8), the A/L ratio and HOMA-IR were significantly negatively correlated (p=0.048). In the intervention study, fasting serum glucose increased from baseline to endpoint in the cereal groups with and without exercise. Conclusions: The lean women with PCOS in this study did not exhibit the expected negative relationship between A/L ratio and HOMA-IR, suggesting a possible genetic polymorphism in their adipocytes. In terms of the intervention, this study found that 75 grams of dried apples and moderate intensity resistance exercise twice a week did not have any significant effect on any of the parameters measured other than a rise in fasting blood glucose associated with cereal intake in this study group (n=13). More subjects are required to meet the effect size necessary to assess correlations with confidence as well as to determine if the interventions have an effect on the outcomes.
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